This is a useful conversation. I offer four citations below in my subfield of human-carnivore coexistence and conflict, which I believe address the issue of durability of interventions. I want to emphasize the word interventions because the other concepts in Iman Ebrahimi's post are in my opinion bundles of actions and interventions, some of which might be durable and others not. Take for instance a project. We don't want all aspects of a project to be durable, to last forever, do we? I think we want the functionally effective ones to be durable. Similarly, unless we define conservation, it is unclear what should be durable. I'll note here that the Society for Conservation Biology North America chapter has adopted a definition of conservation it will roll out officially during the North American Congress July 12-17, 2026. Once it is "live", you can see how conservation has different targets and even includes diverse actions so we need to define what we wish to be durable, don't we?
Thanks for starting a useful discussion Iman Ebrahimi.
Best wishes
Adrian Treves, PhD
https://faculty.nelson.wisc.edu/treves/
McManus, J., A. Dickman, D. Gaynor, B. Smuts, and D. Macdonald, 2015. Dead or alive? Comparing costs and benefits of lethal and non-lethal human-wildlife conflict mitigation on livestock farms. Oryx 49: 687-695.
McManus, J., L. Faraut, V. Couldridge, J. van Deventer, I. Samuels, D. Cilliers, C. Deven, P. Vorster, and B. Smuts, 2022. Assessment of leopard translocations in south africa. Frontiers in Conservation Science 3: 943078. 10.3389/fcosc.2022.943078.
Khorozyan, I., and M. Waltert, 2019. How long do anti-predator interventions remain effective? Patterns, thresholds and uncertainty. Royal Society Open Science 6: e190826. 10.1098/rsos.190826.
Treves, A., and I. Khorozyan, 2025. Robust inference and errors in studies of wildlife control. Scientific Reports 15: 33131. 10.1038/s41598-025-18497-7.
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Adrian Treves Dr
Professor
UW-Madison
Madison WI
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Original Message:
Sent: 05-17-2026 03:59
From: Iman Ebrahimi
Subject: What makes conservation durable?
Dear colleagues,
I have been thinking a lot about durability in conservation.
Many conservation projects can look successful for a while. A species may receive more attention, a community may participate, a policy may be approved, or a local project may work well under normal conditions. But I think one of the harder questions is what remains when conditions change.
What makes conservation continue when funding becomes uncertain, institutions become weaker, people face new pressures, or the original project team is no longer there?
If conservation remains only a project, it may disappear when the project ends.
For me, this is not only an ecological or institutional question. It is also a psychological and social one.
Conservation psychology can help us ask whether conservation has become connected to people's identity, values, habits, emotional attachment, sense of responsibility, and relationship with place. In other words, is conservation only something people support when there is an external incentive, or has it become part of how they see themselves and their community?
This is one area where I feel psychology can contribute more deeply to conservation. Not only by measuring attitudes or awareness, but by helping us understand what kind of relationship people have with conservation, how stable that relationship is, and how we might design better interventions to strengthen it.
I would be very interested to hear from others working on conservation psychology, human dimensions, community conservation, social norms, or long-term conservation outcomes:
How do you think we can understand and measure whether conservation has become durable in people and communities?
For colleagues who are also members of SSWG, I am currently a candidate for the SSWG board. The official candidate statements and voting link are available here.
Best,
Iman Ebrahimi
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Iman Ebrahimi
Isfahan
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